ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Table-turning</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Table-turning</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Turning_the_Tables_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Turning the Tables (disambiguation)">Turning the Tables</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption">A table-turning <a href="S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a> in 19th century France.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li>

<li><a href="Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li>

<li><a href="Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li>

<li><a href="Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li>

<li><a href="Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li>

<li><a href="Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li>

<li><a href="Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li>

<li><a href="Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li>

<li><a href="False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li>

<li><a href="Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li>

<li><a href="Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li>

<li><a href="Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li>

<li><a href="Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li>

<li><a href="Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Table-turning</b> (also known as <b>table-tapping</b>, <b>table-tipping</b> or <b>table-tilting</b>) is a type of <a href="S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a> in which participants sit around a <a href="Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">table</a>, place their hands on it, and wait for rotations. The table was purportedly made to serve as a means of communicating with the spirits; the alphabet would be slowly spoken aloud and the table would tilt at the appropriate letter, thus spelling out words and sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is similar to that of a <a href="Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a> board. Scientists and skeptics consider table-turning to be the result of the <a href="Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a>, or of conscious trickery.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>When the movement of <a href="Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualism</a> first reached Europe from America in the winter of 1852–1853, the most popular method of consulting the spirits was for several persons to sit round a table, with their hands resting on it, and wait for the table to move. If the experiment was successful, the table would rotate with considerable rapidity and would occasionally rise in the air, or perform other movements.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Whilst most spiritualists ascribed the table movements to the agency of spirits, two investigators, <a href="Agenor_de_Gasparin" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor de Gasparin">count de Gasparin</a> and professor Thury (father of <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Thury" title="René Thury">René Thury</a>) of <a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, conducted a careful series of experiments. They claimed to have demonstrated that the movements of the table were due to a physical force emanating from the bodies of the sitters, for which they proposed the name <a href="Ectenic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectenic force">ectenic force</a>. Their conclusion rested on the supposed elimination of all known physical causes for the movements; but it is doubtful from the description of the experiments whether the precautions taken were sufficient to exclude unconscious muscular action (the <a href="Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a>) or even deliberate fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In England, table-turning became a fashionable diversion and was practised all over the country in the year 1853. <a href="John_Elliotson" title="John Elliotson">John Elliotson</a> and his followers attributed the phenomena to <a href="Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">mesmerism</a>. The general public were content to find the explanation of the movements in spirits, <a href="Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">animal magnetism</a>, <a href="Odic_force" title="Odic force">Odic force</a>, <a href="Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</a>, <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, or even the rotation of the earth. Some <a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> clergymen alleged that the spirits who caused the movements were of a diabolic nature.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, <a href="Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a> studied the phenomenon and concluded in <i><a href="The_Book_on_Mediums" title="The Book on Mediums">The Book on Mediums</a></i> that some communications were caused by an outside intelligence, as the message contained information that was not known to the group.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_reception">Scientific reception</h2></div>

<p>The Scottish surgeon <a href="James_Braid_(surgeon)" title="James Braid (surgeon)">James Braid</a>, the English physiologist <a href="William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">W. B. Carpenter</a> and others pointed out that the phenomena could depend upon the expectation of the sitters, and could be stopped altogether by appropriate <a href="Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<a href="Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explained that the purported magical movement was due to involuntary and unconscious muscular reactions.

</p><p><a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devised a simple apparatus which conclusively demonstrated that the movements he investigated were due to unconscious muscular action.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparatus consisted of two small boards, with glass rollers between them, the whole fastened together by <a href="India-rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="India-rubber">india-rubber</a> bands in such a manner that the upper board could slide under lateral pressure to a limited extent over the lower one. The occurrence of such lateral movement was at once indicated by means of an upright <a href="Haystalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystalk">haystalk</a> fastened to the apparatus. When by this means it was made clear to the experimenters that it was the fingers which moved the table, the phenomena generally ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this experimental approach, Faraday criticized the believers of table-turning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Faraday's work was followed up a century later by clinical psychologist <a href="Kenneth_Batcheldor" title="Kenneth Batcheldor">Kenneth Batcheldor</a> who pioneered the use of <a href="Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> video recording to observe experimental subjects in complete darkness.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trickery">Trickery</h3></div>

<p>Apart from the ideomotor effect, conscious fraudulent table tipping has also been uncovered. Professional <a href="Stage_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage magic">magicians</a> and <a href="Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skeptics</a> have exposed many of the methods utilized by mediums to tip tables.<sup id="cite_ref-randi-1995_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi-1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magician <a href="Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a> described a method that involved a pin driven into the table and the use of a ring with a slot on the medium's finger. Once the pin entered the slot, the table could be lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example comes from <a href="Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a>, who used custom-made boots with soles that extended beyond the boots' edges in order to lift tables.<sup id="cite_ref-randi-1995_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi-1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <a href="John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a>:

</p>

<blockquote><p>The multiplicity of methods used to tip and raise tables in a séance is almost as great as the number of mediums performing the feat. One of the simplest was to slide the hands back until one or both of the medium's thumbs could catch hold of the table top. Another way was to exert no pressure on the table at all, and in the event that the sitter opposite the medium did press on the table, to permit the table to tip far enough away from him so that he could get the toe of one foot under the table leg. He would then immediately put pressure on his side, and, holding the table between his hands and his toe, move it about at will. By this method a small table can be made to float two feet off the floor... Another method was to catch the under side of the table top with the knee; and still another was merely to kick the table into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text external" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Illustration_1853-05-14.djvu"><i>L'Illustration 1853-05-14</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-29</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/mind-the-gap-spiritualism-and-the-infrastructural-uncanny(1f725522-cf5f-4faa-b71c-c46a0eaf52e1).html">"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny"</a>. <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">899–</span>922. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F686945">10.1086/686945</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-1896">0093-1896</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163534340">163534340</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFPodmore1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Podmore, Frank</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Table-turning" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Table-turning">Table-turning</a>". In <a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawcliffe, D. H. (1987). <i>Occult and Supernatural Phenomena</i>. Dover Publications. p. 137</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Leonard_Zusne" title="Leonard Zusne">Zusne, Leonard</a>; Jones, Warren H. (1989). <i>Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-805-80507-9</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Carroll%2C_Robert_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll, Robert Todd">Robert Todd Carroll</a>. (2003). <i><a href="The_Skeptic's_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions</a></i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-27242-7</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Podmore, Frank</a>. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinpsychic00podm#page/47/mode/2up"><i>Studies in Psychical Research</i></a>. New York: Putnam. p. 47 "If neither the feet nor the hands of the sitters could be employed, the knees could apparently have been used without much risk, and Thury clearly could not watch both the upper and under surfaces simultaneously. On the whole, though the experiments were conducted with care and a laudable desire not to exaggerate the importance of the facts observed, the experimenters do not appear to have sufficiently realised the possibilities of fraud; and their results add little evidence for action of a psychic, or, as Thury has preferred to name it, ectenic force."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11299/SOURCE01?view=true">Yeates, L.B., <i>James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist</i>, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>, “<i>De la baguette</i>”, 1854 (article)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>, letter to <a href="Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a>, 1833</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFaraday1859" class="citation cs1"><a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday, Michael</a> (1859). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics/Table-turning"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Experimental_Researches_in_Chemistry_and_Physics/Table-turning">"Table-turning" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Experimental_Researches_in_Chemistry_and_Physics"><i>Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics</i> </a></span>. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">382–</span>391 – via <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Peter_Lamont_(historian)" title="Peter Lamont (historian)">Lamont, Peter</a>. (2013). <i>Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem</i>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-107-01933-1</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFaraday1859" class="citation cs1"><a href="Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday, Michael</a> (1859). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics/Lecture on mental education"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Experimental_Researches_in_Chemistry_and_Physics/Lecture_on_mental_education">"Lecture on mental education" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Experimental_Researches_in_Chemistry_and_Physics"><i>Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics</i> </a></span>. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">463–</span>492 – via <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>Perhaps it may be said, the delusion of table-moving is past, and need not be recalled before an audience like the present [4];—even granting this, let us endeavour to make the subject leave one useful result; let it serve for an example, not to pass into forgetfulness. It is so recent, and was received by the public in a manner so strange, as to justify a reference to it, in proof of the uneducated condition of the general mind. I do not object to table-moving, for itself; for being once stated, it becomes a fit, though a very unpromising subject for experiment; but I am opposed to the unwillingness of its advocates to investigate; their boldness to assert; the credulity of the lockers-on; their desire that the reserved and cautious objector should be in error; and I wish, by calling attention to these things, to make the general want of mental discipline and education manifest.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/the-right-chemistry-turning-the-tables-on-the-table-turners">"The Right Chemistry: Turning the tables on the table turners"</a>. <i>Montreal Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-13</span></span>. <q>"What a weak credulous, superstitious, ridiculous world ours is, as far as concerns the mind of man. How full of inconsistencies, contradictions, and absurdities it is." Those are not the words of some commentator bemoaning the lack of current critical thinking, although they well could be. They were uttered in 1853 by Michael Faraday, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-randi-1995-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-randi-1995_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-randi-1995_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRandi1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="James_Randi" title="James Randi">Randi, James</a> (1995). <i><a href="An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims%2C_Frauds%2C_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities</a></i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-312-15119-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Soo, Chung Ling</a>. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/spiritslatewriti00sooc#page/71/mode/2up"><i>Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena</i></a>. Munn & Company. pp. 71–72</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">Mulholland, John</a>. (1938). <i>Beware Familiar Spirits</i>. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 107. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-16181-8</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a>. (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1855AndersonParlourMagic/1855__anderson___parlour_magic#page/n87/mode/2up"><i>The Fashionable Science of Parlour Magic</i></a>. London. pp. 85–87</li>

<li>Willis Dutcher. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/onothersideoffoo00dutcrich#page/80/mode/2up"><i>On the Other Side of the Footlights: An Expose of Routines, Apparatus and Deceptions Resorted to by Mediums, Clairvoyants, Fortune Tellers and Crystal Gazers in Deluding the Public</i></a>. Berlin, WI: Heaney Magic. pp. 80–81</li>

<li>F. Attfield Fawkes. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/spiritualismexpo00fawkrich#page/27/mode/2up"><i>Spiritualism Exposed</i></a>. J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd. pp. 27–29</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Table-turning" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Table-turning">Table-turning</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/table-turning">"Table-turning"</a>. <i>Psi Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725021926/http://www.assap.org/newsite/articles/Table%20tilting.html">"Modern practical guide to table tilting"</a>. <i>ASSAP</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assap.org/newsite/articles/Table%20tilting.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-19</span></span>.</cite> based on the work of <a href="Kenneth_Batcheldor" title="Kenneth Batcheldor">Kenneth Batcheldor</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoftalkingboards.com/">Museum of Talking Boards</a> (official website)</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiritualism_and_spiritism131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinkon_kishin" title="Chinkon kishin">Chinkon kishin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li>

<li><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li>

<li><a href="Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li>

<li><a href="Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li>

<li><a href="Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li>

<li><a href="Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li>

<li><a href="Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li>

<li><a href="Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li>

<li><a href="Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li>

<li><a href="Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li>

<li><a href="Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li>

<li><a href="Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li>

<li><a href="Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Mme._d'Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li>

<li><a href="Ann_O'Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li>

<li><a href="Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li>

<li><a href="James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li>

<li><a href="Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li>

<li><a href="Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li>

<li><a href="Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li>

<li><a href="Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li>

<li><a href="Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li>

<li><a href="Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li>

<li><a href="Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li>

<li><a href="Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualists'_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li>

<li><a href="L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li>

<li><a href="Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li>

<li><a href="G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li>

<li><a href="C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li>

<li><a href="Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li>

<li><a href="Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li>

<li><a href="Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li>

<li><a href="Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li>

<li><a href="E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li>

<li><a href="Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li>

<li><a href="C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li>

<li><a href="Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li>

<li><a href="L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. Forbes Winslow">Lyttelton Winslow</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3513424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3513424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555928905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/280b2f9e-0b68-41f9-a4fd-15978ae9408a">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Table-turning&oldid=1301467794">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>